Promoting Cooperation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Main Article Content
Keywords
Mobile ad hoc networks, incentives for cooperation, credit-based incentives.
Abstract
Consider a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) where the nodes belong to
different authorities. The nodes must be given incentives to spend their
resources (battery energy, transmission bandwidth, buffer space) in
forwarding packets that originate at nodes belonging to another
authority. This can be done by assigning a credit balance to each node:
when a node acts as an originating node it uses its credits to pay for
the costs of sending its own traffic; when a node acts as a transit node
it earns credits by forwarding traffic from other nodes. This paper
presents a credit-based incentive scheme which assists nodes that
persistently lack the credits necessary to transmit their data, and
protects nodes from using too large a proportion of their resources to
forward traffic that originated from other nodes. We first present two
basic incentive schemes: the first scheme free-for-all does not regulate
the willingness of the nodes to forward packets on behalf of other
nodes; the second scheme tit-for-tat contains such a regulatory
mechanism. Next we present the origin pays and the destination pays
protocol which contain a decentralised credit redistribution mechanism
to destroy (create) credit at over (under) provisioned nodes. Both
constant and congestion-dependent resource prices are investigated.
Congestion pricing is also used to reward (penalise) the destination
node for receiving packets on under (over) utilised routes. Initial
experiments indicate that the origin pays protocol with congestion
pricing offers a substantial improvement over the free-for-all protocol
that is currently used in MANETs.
different authorities. The nodes must be given incentives to spend their
resources (battery energy, transmission bandwidth, buffer space) in
forwarding packets that originate at nodes belonging to another
authority. This can be done by assigning a credit balance to each node:
when a node acts as an originating node it uses its credits to pay for
the costs of sending its own traffic; when a node acts as a transit node
it earns credits by forwarding traffic from other nodes. This paper
presents a credit-based incentive scheme which assists nodes that
persistently lack the credits necessary to transmit their data, and
protects nodes from using too large a proportion of their resources to
forward traffic that originated from other nodes. We first present two
basic incentive schemes: the first scheme free-for-all does not regulate
the willingness of the nodes to forward packets on behalf of other
nodes; the second scheme tit-for-tat contains such a regulatory
mechanism. Next we present the origin pays and the destination pays
protocol which contain a decentralised credit redistribution mechanism
to destroy (create) credit at over (under) provisioned nodes. Both
constant and congestion-dependent resource prices are investigated.
Congestion pricing is also used to reward (penalise) the destination
node for receiving packets on under (over) utilised routes. Initial
experiments indicate that the origin pays protocol with congestion
pricing offers a substantial improvement over the free-for-all protocol
that is currently used in MANETs.
References
Buttyan, L., Hubaux, J.-P., (2003), “Stimulating cooperation in self-organizing mobile ad hoc networks,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 579–592, 2003.
Buttyan, L., Hubaux, J.-P., (2008), Security and Cooperation in Wireless Networks. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Camp, T., Boleng, J., Davies, V., (2002), “A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2, pp. 483–502, 2002.
Crowcrof, J., Gibbens, R., Kelly, F., Ostring, S., (2004), “Modelling incentives for collaboration in mobile ad hoc networks,” Performance Evaluation, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 427–439, 2004.
Goebel J., Krzesinski, A., (2009), “Stimulating cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks,” in SATNAC 2009 Southern African Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference, Sep. 2009.
IEEE, (2012), IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications” (PDF). (2012 revision), IEEE Std., 2012.
ISI, (2015), ISI, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/, [Accessed 20 January 2016]
Jain, R., Hawe, W., Chiu, D., (1984), “A quantitative measure of fairness and discrimination for resource allocation in computer systems,”
Research Report DEC-TR-301, Digital Equipment Corporation, Sep. 1984.
Krzesinski, A., (2015a), “Robust cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks,” International Journal of Information, Communication Technology and
Applications, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 83–95, 2015, ISSN: 2204-8308.
Krzesinski, A., (2015b), “Promoting cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks,” in ITNAC 2015 International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference, Nov. 2015, pp. 208–213.
Krzesinski, A., Latouche, G., Taylor, P., (2012), “How do we encourage an egoist to act socially in an ad hoc mobile network?” Computer
Networks, vol. 56, no. 15, pp. 3499–3510, Oct. 2012.
ns2, Network Simulator v2, Retrieved from http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
Zhong, S., Li, L., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., (2007), “On designing incentive-compatible routing and forwarding protocols in wireless ad-hoc networks,” Wireless Networks, vol. 13, pp. 799–816, 2007.
Buttyan, L., Hubaux, J.-P., (2008), Security and Cooperation in Wireless Networks. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Camp, T., Boleng, J., Davies, V., (2002), “A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2, pp. 483–502, 2002.
Crowcrof, J., Gibbens, R., Kelly, F., Ostring, S., (2004), “Modelling incentives for collaboration in mobile ad hoc networks,” Performance Evaluation, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 427–439, 2004.
Goebel J., Krzesinski, A., (2009), “Stimulating cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks,” in SATNAC 2009 Southern African Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference, Sep. 2009.
IEEE, (2012), IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications” (PDF). (2012 revision), IEEE Std., 2012.
ISI, (2015), ISI, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/, [Accessed 20 January 2016]
Jain, R., Hawe, W., Chiu, D., (1984), “A quantitative measure of fairness and discrimination for resource allocation in computer systems,”
Research Report DEC-TR-301, Digital Equipment Corporation, Sep. 1984.
Krzesinski, A., (2015a), “Robust cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks,” International Journal of Information, Communication Technology and
Applications, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 83–95, 2015, ISSN: 2204-8308.
Krzesinski, A., (2015b), “Promoting cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks,” in ITNAC 2015 International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference, Nov. 2015, pp. 208–213.
Krzesinski, A., Latouche, G., Taylor, P., (2012), “How do we encourage an egoist to act socially in an ad hoc mobile network?” Computer
Networks, vol. 56, no. 15, pp. 3499–3510, Oct. 2012.
ns2, Network Simulator v2, Retrieved from http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
Zhong, S., Li, L., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., (2007), “On designing incentive-compatible routing and forwarding protocols in wireless ad-hoc networks,” Wireless Networks, vol. 13, pp. 799–816, 2007.
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Published
Jan 31, 2016
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How to Cite
Promoting Cooperation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. (2016). International Journal of Information, Communication Technology and Applications, 2(1), 24-46. https://doi.org/10.17972/ijicta20162126
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